A player may accelerate well over the first few steps but fade across a longer short sprint. The 20 m Sprint Test gives professionals a practical way to assess acceleration and early speed over a distance that is relevant for many field and court sports.

The MAT article describes the 20 m Sprint Te...

The Wrist Extension Test measures how far the hand bends backward toward the back of the forearm. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone-based process. The result helps compare sides, monitor symptoms and add context to gripping, pressing, weight-bear...

The Elbow Supination Test measures how far the forearm rotates so the palm turns upward or forward, depending on position. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone-based method. The result helps compare sides, monitor symptoms and add context to grippin...

The Elbow Pronation Test measures how far the forearm rotates so the palm turns downward or backward, depending on position. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone-based method. The result helps compare sides, monitor symptoms and add context to gripp...

The Elbow Extension Test measures how far the elbow straightens. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or consistent ROM workflow. The result helps compare sides, monitor symptoms and add context to pressing, throwing, pushing, pulling, gripping and upper-limb str...

The Elbow Flexion Test measures how far the elbow bends. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or consistent ROM workflow. The result helps compare sides, monitor symptoms and add context to pressing, pulling, gripping, throwing, upper-limb strength and daily func...

The Shoulder Horizontal Adduction Test measures how far the arm moves across the body at shoulder height. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer, tape method or consistent ROM process. The result helps track cross-body shoulder movement, compare sides and add conte...

The Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Test measures how far the arm moves backwards away from the midline when it is lifted to shoulder height. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or consistent ROM process. The result helps track posterior shoulder and chest-opening...

The Shoulder External Rotation 90° Test measures how far the shoulder rotates outward when the arm is abducted to approximately 90 degrees. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone ROM tool. The result is useful for overhead movement, throwing, pressing...

The Shoulder Internal Rotation 90° Test measures how far the shoulder rotates inward when the arm is abducted to approximately 90 degrees. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone ROM tool. The result is useful for overhead movement, throwing, pressing,...

The Shoulder Adduction Test measures how far the arm moves toward the body’s midline from an abducted position. It should be distinguished from shoulder horizontal adduction, which moves the arm across the front of the body. The result helps compare sides, monitor symptoms and add context to upper-l...

The Shoulder Abduction Test measures how far the arm lifts out to the side and overhead. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone ROM tool. The result helps track overhead and side-reaching movement, compare sides and add context to shoulder strength, p...