ACL surgery is no longer a one-option conversation.

For most active individuals, ACL reconstruction remains the standard approach. But in selected cases — particularly acute proximal tears with good tissue quality — ACL repair is being revisited as a possible option. The key is understanding where ...

When assessing lower-limb function, attention often goes to the ankle, knee, or hip.

The big toe (1st MTP joint) is easy to overlook.

But it shouldn’t be.

This small joint plays a critical role in how we walk, run, stabilise, and generate force. When it’s functioning well, movement feels efficien...

Lateral epicondylitis — often referred to as tennis elbow — is a common overuse presentation involving the tendinous structures on the outer elbow. For practitioners working in sport, fitness, or musculoskeletal settings, Cozen’s Test remains a quick and practical way to screen for lateral elbow sen...

The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a well-established dynamic balance assessment used to evaluate ankle control during single-leg stance. The test challenges the lower limb in three primary directions:

• Anterior (SEBT-A)
• Posteromedial (SEBT-PM)
• Posterolateral (SEBT-PL)

Because it requi...

Ankle dorsiflexion is a foundational component of lower-limb movement. Adequate motion at the ankle is required for squatting, running, jumping, and efficient change of direction. When dorsiflexion is limited, compensatory strategies often emerge at the knee, hip, or foot.

To interpret ankle mobili...

Calf endurance plays a critical role in walking efficiency, balance, athletic performance, and injury resilience. Despite this, it is often under-assessed. One of the simplest and most effective ways to evaluate it is the single-leg calf raise test.

This test is quick, requires no equipment, and pr...

Most practitioners agree that spinal mobility is important. The harder question is how much mobility is actually normal — and how to interpret deviations without over- or under-reacting.

Normative spinal flexion data provides essential context, allowing mobility findings to be compared against expe...

Grip strength is often thought of as a simple measure of hand or forearm strength. In reality, it is one of the most robust and widely studied indicators of overall health, functional capacity, and long-term outcomes across the lifespan.

Rather than relying on absolute grip strength alone, recent r...

The Anterior Hop Test is widely used to assess single-leg horizontal power, control, and confidence. While distance alone is useful, its real value comes from comparing performance against normative reference data rather than relying on symmetry or change alone.

Recent work by Weber et al. (2024) p...

Lower-limb function underpins independence, work capacity, and athletic performance. While isolated strength tests provide useful data, they often fail to reflect real-world movement demands.

Two of the most validated, time-efficient, and underused assessments in lower-body evaluation are:

• The

  ...

Peak force tells you how much strength exists.
But real-world performance, control, and robustness depend on how quickly force appears, how long it lasts, and how well it is controlled under fatigue.

That’s where advanced force–time metrics — Impulse, Rate of Torque Development (RTD), Torque, Time ...

Pain is subjective — but sensitivity doesn’t have to be.

Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) testing provides an objective way to quantify how much pressure a client can tolerate before pain is first perceived. Instead of relying solely on descriptive or numerical pain scales, PPT allows professionals to...