The Pivot Shift Test assesses anterolateral rotational instability of the knee, most commonly in relation to anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. A positive result may increase suspicion of ACL-related rotational instability, especially when it matches the client’s history, but it does not confirm...
The Passive Knee Extension Test assesses hamstring flexibility and posterior thigh tension during passive knee extension. A positive result may suggest reduced hamstring extensibility or posterior chain tightness but does not diagnose injury on its own.
Introduction
Hamstring flexibility can influ...
The Posterior Drawer Test assesses posterior tibial translation with the knee flexed, most commonly in relation to posterior cruciate ligament function. A positive result may increase suspicion of PCL-related posterior knee laxity, especially when it matches the client’s history and other findings, ...
The Patellar Grind Test, also called Clarke’s test or Clarke’s sign, assesses symptom response during patellofemoral compression with quadriceps contraction. A positive result may suggest patellofemoral joint irritation or anterior knee pain sensitivity, but the test has limited diagnostic value and...
Noble’s Test, also known as Noble’s Compression Test, is used to reproduce lateral knee symptoms associated with iliotibial band-related pain. A positive test may include familiar pain near the lateral femoral epicondyle during knee flexion and extension while compression is applied. High-quality di...
The Patellar Apprehension Sign assesses apprehension, guarding or familiar instability during lateral patellar translation. A positive result may increase suspicion of lateral patellar instability when it matches the client’s history and other findings, but it does not confirm a condition on its own...
The Moving Patellar Apprehension Test assesses apprehension during controlled lateral patellar translation while the knee moves through flexion and extension. A positive result may increase suspicion of lateral patellar instability, especially when it reproduces the client’s familiar instability sen...
The Lever Sign Test assesses whether the heel lifts when a downward force is applied to the distal quadriceps region with the fist under the proximal calf. A positive test may occur when the heel does not lift, suggesting possible ACL involvement. Recent evidence suggests the Lever Sign Test may be ...
The Lachman Test assesses anterior tibial translation with the knee in slight flexion and is commonly used when ACL injury is suspected. A positive test may include increased anterior translation or a soft end-feel compared with the other side. Recent systematic reviews suggest the Lachman Test rema...
The Muller Test is used to assess medial knee response to valgus stress. A positive result may include medial knee pain, increased joint opening, altered end-feel or apprehension compared with the other side. Diagnostic accuracy values for the named Muller Test are limited, so it should be interpret...
McMurray’s Test assesses meniscal symptom reproduction during knee flexion, extension and tibial rotation. A positive test may include familiar joint-line pain, clicking, catching or a palpable clunk. Diagnostic accuracy varies, so McMurray’s Test should be interpreted with history, joint-line tende...
The Ely Test assesses rectus femoris flexibility and anterior thigh tension during passive knee flexion. A positive result may suggest reduced quadriceps flexibility or anterior thigh tightness but does not identify the exact source of restriction on its own.
Introduction
Reduced quadriceps flexib...
