Pain can have different contributing mechanisms. Some pain presentations may include features commonly associated with neuropathic pain, such as burning, electric shocks, tingling, pins and needles, numbness, itching or altered sensation.

The DN4 was developed to help distinguish neuropathic pain f...

Upper-limb symptoms can affect lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, gripping, reaching, dressing, work tasks, sport, gym training and daily activities.

The DASH gives professionals a structured way to understand how the client perceives their upper-limb function and symptoms. It is designed to asse...

Emotional distress can influence pain, sleep, recovery, motivation, concentration, activity participation, training consistency and confidence with movement.

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, commonly called the DASS, were developed to measure three related negative emotional states: depression...

Persistent pain can be influenced by many factors, including tissue sensitivity, nervous system processing, sleep, stress, mood, fatigue, previous injury, activity exposure and broader health context.

The Central Sensitisation Inventory was developed to help identify symptoms that may be associated...

Joint hypermobility describes joints that move beyond the range typically expected for a person’s age, sex, body type and activity background.

Some people with hypermobility have no symptoms and function well. Others may report symptoms such as pain, fatigue, recurrent sprains, instability sensatio...

Low back, buttock and pelvic-region symptoms can be influenced by many factors, including the lumbar spine, hips, sacroiliac-region structures, pelvic girdle load transfer, muscle function, symptom irritability, training load, occupational demands and broader pain mechanisms.

Pelvic Spring Tests ar...

Neck pain can affect more than local discomfort. It may influence daily activity, work, training, social participation, mood, confidence, fear of movement and perceived control.

The Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire was adapted from the original Bournemouth Questionnaire to provide a short, multidimen...

Headaches can affect daily activity, work, training, concentration, social participation, mood, sleep, confidence and quality of life.

The Headache Disability Index gives professionals a structured way to understand how headaches are affecting the client’s life beyond pain intensity alone. It is co...

Knee symptoms can affect walking, stairs, squatting, running, jumping, changing direction, training, sport participation and confidence with movement.

The IKDC Subjective Knee Form gives professionals a structured way to understand how the client perceives their knee function and symptoms. It is co...

The ACL-RSI is a 12-item client-reported outcome measure designed to assess psychological readiness to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction. It includes items related to emotions, confidence in performance and risk appraisal.

Scores are usually converted to a 0–...

The TFCC Compression Test is a wrist special test used to provoke ulnar-sided wrist symptoms by applying axial compression through the wrist, usually with ulnar deviation and forearm rotation. It is commonly used when triangular fibrocartilage complex involvement, distal radioulnar joint symptoms or...

The Scaphoid Compression Test is a wrist special test used to provoke scaphoid-region pain by applying axial compression through the thumb and first metacarpal. It is commonly used after a fall onto an outstretched hand or wrist trauma when scaphoid fracture is part of the assessment reasoning.

A p...