The Moving Patellar Apprehension Test assesses lateral patellar instability by combining a provocation phase with a symptom-alleviation phase. A positive test includes apprehension or familiar instability with lateral patellar translation that reduces when medial patellar force is applied. The most ...

The Lever Sign Test assesses whether the heel lifts when a downward force is applied to the distal quadriceps region with the fist under the proximal calf. A positive test may occur when the heel does not lift, suggesting possible ACL involvement. Recent evidence suggests the Lever Sign Test may be ...

The Lachman Test assesses anterior tibial translation with the knee in slight flexion and is commonly used when ACL injury is suspected. A positive test may include increased anterior translation or a soft end-feel compared with the other side. Recent systematic reviews suggest the Lachman Test rema...

The Muller Test is used to assess medial knee response to valgus stress. A positive result may include medial knee pain, increased joint opening, altered end-feel or apprehension compared with the other side. Diagnostic accuracy values for the named Muller Test are limited, so it should be interpret...

The Dial Test assesses side-to-side differences in tibial external rotation, commonly at 30 and 90 degrees of knee flexion. Increased external rotation at 30 degrees may increase suspicion of posterolateral corner involvement, while increased rotation at both 30 and 90 degrees may suggest combined p...

The Anterior Drawer Test of the Knee assesses anterior tibial translation with the knee flexed to approximately 90 degrees. A positive finding may increase suspicion of ACL involvement when anterior translation, altered end-feel or apprehension is greater than the opposite side. The test has variabl...

Apley’s Test assesses knee pain response during tibial compression and rotation, commonly in suspected meniscal injury. A positive compression component may reproduce joint-line pain or mechanical symptoms. Diagnostic accuracy is variable, and recent evidence supports using Apley’s Test as part of a...

The Windlass Test is used to reproduce plantar heel pain by dorsiflexing the great toe and tensioning the plantar fascia. A positive test may support suspicion of plantar fasciopathy when it reproduces familiar plantar heel pain. The test appears highly specific in older diagnostic accuracy research...

The Thompson Test, also called the Simmonds-Thompson Test or calf squeeze test, assesses Achilles tendon continuity by observing whether calf compression produces passive ankle plantarflexion. A positive test is absence or marked reduction of plantarflexion compared with the other side. It has high ...

The Talar Tilt Test assesses side-to-side talocrural and subtalar tilt during inversion or eversion stress. It is commonly used to assess lateral ankle ligament involvement, especially calcaneofibular ligament laxity, and may also be adapted to assess medial ligament response. A positive test may in...

The Squeeze Test is used to assess symptom response at the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis by compressing the tibia and fibula higher up the leg. A positive result may increase suspicion of syndesmosis involvement if it reproduces familiar distal tibiofibular pain. Diagnostic accuracy is limited as ...

The Silfverskiöld Test compares ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and flexed to help identify whether dorsiflexion restriction may be more influenced by gastrocnemius tightness or a combined gastrocnemius-soleus/Achilles restriction. A positive result generally shows improved dorsiflexion wh...