A client reports shoulder pain when lifting the arm overhead, reaching forward, raising the arm in the scapular plane or completing sport or gym movements above shoulder height. The Scapular Assistance Test may reduce symptoms if manual assistance to the scapula improves the client’s movement tolera...

 A client reports pain over the top of the shoulder when pressing, reaching across the body, pushing through the arm, lying on the shoulder or returning to gym-based upper-limb loading. The Resisted AC Joint Extension Test may reproduce familiar localised AC joint pain by loading the shoulder into r...

The TFCC Compression Test is a wrist special test used to provoke ulnar-sided wrist symptoms by applying axial compression through the wrist, usually with ulnar deviation and forearm rotation. It is commonly used when triangular fibrocartilage complex involvement, distal radioulnar joint symptoms or...

The Scaphoid Compression Test is a wrist special test used to provoke scaphoid-region pain by applying axial compression through the thumb and first metacarpal. It is commonly used after a fall onto an outstretched hand or wrist trauma when scaphoid fracture is part of the assessment reasoning.

A p...

The Wringing Test is a functional screening test where the client twists a towel or similar object as if wringing out water. It is used to observe whether gripping, forearm rotation and wrist/elbow loading reproduce hand, wrist, elbow or forearm symptoms.

A positive finding may include familiar lat...

The Milking Manoeuvre Test is an elbow special test used to apply valgus stress to the medial elbow and reproduce symptoms associated with the ulnar collateral ligament, particularly in overhead-throwing athletes. The test is usually performed with the elbow flexed beyond 90 degrees and the forearm ...

The Elbow Flexion Test is an upper-limb provocation test used to assess whether sustained elbow flexion reproduces symptoms associated with ulnar nerve irritation at the cubital tunnel. It is commonly used when cubital tunnel syndrome or ulnar neuropathy-type symptoms are part of the assessment reas...

The Inferior Sulcus Test, also called the Sulcus Sign, assesses inferior glenohumeral translation by applying a downward traction force to the relaxed arm and observing for a visible or palpable sulcus below the acromion. It is commonly used to support assessment reasoning around inferior shoulder l...

The Drop Arm Test is a shoulder special test used to assess whether the client can slowly and smoothly lower the arm from an abducted position. It is commonly used in assessment reasoning for larger or full-thickness rotator cuff tears, particularly involving the supraspinatus or posterosuperior rot...

The AC Shear Test is a shoulder special test used to provoke symptoms at the acromioclavicular joint by applying a shear or compression force between the clavicle and scapular/acromial region. It is commonly used when AC joint pain, irritation or local instability is part of the assessment reasoning...

The Cervical Quadrant Test is a cervical spine special test that combines extension, side flexion and rotation, often with gentle axial compression, to reproduce neck or upper-limb symptoms. It is commonly used to support assessment reasoning around cervical radiculopathy, foraminal-closing sensitiv...

The Toe Touch Test is a standing forward-bend assessment used to observe how close the client can reach toward the floor or toes while keeping the knees extended. It is commonly used as a simple screen of posterior-chain flexibility, hamstring length, lumbar flexion contribution, hip hinge strategy ...