The Lachman Test assesses anterior tibial translation with the knee in slight flexion and is commonly used when ACL injury is suspected. A positive test may include increased anterior translation or a soft end-feel compared with the other side. Recent systematic reviews suggest the Lachman Test rema...
Ege’s Test assesses meniscal symptom provocation during loaded squatting with tibial rotation. A positive result may suggest meniscal irritation but does not confirm a meniscus tear on its own.
Introduction
Meniscal symptoms commonly appear during twisting, squatting and loaded rotational movement...
The Moving Patellar Apprehension Test assesses apprehension during controlled lateral patellar translation while the knee moves through flexion and extension. A positive result may increase suspicion of lateral patellar instability, especially when it reproduces the client’s familiar instability sen...
The Anterior Drawer Test assesses anterior tibial movement relative to the femur to help evaluate ACL-related knee instability. A positive result may increase suspicion of ACL involvement but does not confirm ACL injury on its own.
Introduction
Knee instability after twisting, pivoting or landing ...
The Dial Test assesses external tibial rotation to help evaluate possible posterolateral corner involvement and rotational knee instability. A positive result may increase suspicion of PLC-related laxity but does not confirm structural injury on its own.
Introduction
Rotational knee instability ca...
Apley’s Test assesses knee pain and symptom response during tibial compression and rotation. It may help identify meniscal irritation but does not confirm meniscal injury on its own.
Introduction
Twisting knee pain, locking sensations and joint-line discomfort are common in sport and training sett...
The Windlass Test assesses plantar fascia tension sensitivity by extending the big toe and observing heel or arch pain reproduction. A positive result may suggest plantar fascia irritation but does not confirm plantar fasciitis on its own.
Introduction
Heel and arch pain are common in running, jum...
The Thompson Test assesses Achilles tendon continuity by squeezing the calf and observing whether the foot plantarflexes. Lack of plantarflexion may suggest Achilles tendon rupture and should prompt appropriate medical assessment. Recent reviews describe Achilles rupture diagnosis as primarily clini...
The Talar Tilt Test assesses inversion laxity and endpoint quality at the ankle, commonly related to calcaneofibular ligament involvement and lateral ankle instability. A positive finding may include increased inversion tilt, soft endpoint, apprehension or familiar lateral ankle symptoms compared wi...
The ankle Squeeze Test assesses whether compressing the tibia and fibula together in the lower leg reproduces pain at the distal syndesmosis. It is commonly used when high ankle sprain is suspected. A 2021 systematic review of ankle syndesmosis clinical tests found that test accuracy varies and that...
The Silfverskiöld Test compares ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and knee flexed to help differentiate gastrocnemius restriction from more general ankle or Achilles complex restriction. Greater dorsiflexion with knee flexion may suggest gastrocnemius contribution because the gastrocnemius c...
The Prone Anterior Drawer Test assesses anterior translation of the talus while the client lies prone. It is commonly used to help assess anterior talofibular ligament involvement after lateral ankle sprain or in chronic ankle instability. A 2022 systematic review found that physical examination tes...
