Pain is not only about intensity. Two people may rate pain as equally strong but describe it very differently. One person may describe sharp, stabbing pain, while another may describe aching, heavy or burning pain.

The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire was developed by Ronald Melzack as a quicke...

Running involves repeated loading through the trunk, pelvis, hips, knees, ankles and feet. A posterior-view assessment helps observe how the runner controls movement from side to side while running.

The posterior view is especially useful for observing frontal-plane features such as trunk shift, pe...

Running involves repeated loading through the whole body. Small changes in running speed, fatigue, footwear, surface, training history and symptoms can influence how a runner moves.

A lateral-view running gait assessment focuses on the side view. This view is useful for observing sagittal-plane fea...

Post-concussion symptoms can affect daily life, work, study, sport, sleep, mood, concentration, balance, vision and confidence with activity.

The RPQ was developed to measure symptoms commonly experienced after head injury. It asks the client to compare their current symptoms with how they were bef...

Upper-limb symptoms can affect lifting, carrying, gripping, reaching, dressing, work tasks, sport, gym training, sleep and daily activities.

The QuickDASH gives professionals a fast way to understand how the client perceives their upper-limb function and symptoms. It is shorter than the full DASH, ...

Posture is the position a person adopts at rest or during activity. It can be influenced by anatomy, habit, comfort, fatigue, strength, mobility, pain, vision, balance, sport demands, work demands, confidence and environment.

Postural Assessment is commonly used to document visible features such as...

Pain is influenced by many factors, including tissue sensitivity, nervous system processing, sleep, stress, previous experiences, confidence, activity exposure, expectations and beliefs.

Pain catastrophising refers to a pattern of negative thoughts and feelings about pain. This may include repeated...

Anxiety symptoms can influence sleep, recovery, pain, training consistency, work capacity, concentration, confidence, motivation and daily participation.

The GAD-2 was derived from the first two items of the GAD-7. It asks about two core anxiety symptoms: feeling nervous, anxious or on edge, and be...

Pain can have different contributing mechanisms. Some pain presentations may include features commonly associated with neuropathic pain, such as burning, electric shocks, tingling, pins and needles, numbness, itching or altered sensation.

The DN4 was developed to help distinguish neuropathic pain f...

Upper-limb symptoms can affect lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, gripping, reaching, dressing, work tasks, sport, gym training and daily activities.

The DASH gives professionals a structured way to understand how the client perceives their upper-limb function and symptoms. It is designed to asse...

Emotional distress can influence pain, sleep, recovery, motivation, concentration, activity participation, training consistency and confidence with movement.

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, commonly called the DASS, were developed to measure three related negative emotional states: depression...

Persistent pain can be influenced by many factors, including tissue sensitivity, nervous system processing, sleep, stress, mood, fatigue, previous injury, activity exposure and broader health context.

The Central Sensitisation Inventory was developed to help identify symptoms that may be associated...