Knee Orthopaedic Test: Muller's Test

Muller's test is a physical examination technique used to assess for irritation of the medial meniscus in the knee joint. Here are the steps to perform Muller's test:

1. Have the patient lie down on their back on the examination table with their legs straight.
2. Flex the patient's affected knee to 90 degrees.
3. Place one hand on the patient's ankle and the other hand on the patient's knee.
4. Apply a valgus stress to the knee, or push the knee outward.
5. While maintaining the valgus stress, ask the patient to extend their knee as much as possible.
6. Observe the patient's face for any signs of pain or discomfort.

If the patient experiences pain or discomfort along the joint line or medial aspect of the knee, this may indicate irritation of the medial meniscus. However, it is important to note that Muller's test should be used in conjunction with other examination techniques and diagnostic tests to accurately diagnose knee injuries.

References:

1.  Magee, D. J. (2014). Orthopedic physical assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2. Dutton, M. (2012). Orthopaedic examination, evaluation, and intervention. McGraw-Hill Medical.
3. MÜULLER, W., et al. "OAK Knee Evaluation A New Way to Assess Knee Ligament Injuries." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (1976-2007) 232 (1988): 37-50.