Range of Motion: Knee Flexion

 To test Knee Flexion range of motion with an inclinometer, you will need to follow these steps:

1. Have the client adopt a prone position, face down on a massage table or mat.
2. Ask the client to flex one knee up, with their heel directly over their knee.
3. Holding the top of the smart device into a bony surface of the tibia, instruct the client to flex their knee, bring their heel toward their glute as far as they can go until the pelvis starts to rise up off the surface.
4. Once maximal range of motion is achieved, press the pause/play, followed by the save button to view and record the results.
5. This test can also be performed passively by assisting the client to achieve extra range of motion. If this modality is chosen, be sure to record this in the notes section and use it consistently.

NB: We should be hoping to see at least 130 to 140 degrees of knee flexion on this test.

The normal Knee Flexion range of motion varies among individuals and is dependent on several factors, such as age, sex, and physical activity level. Generally, we're aiming for at least 130 to 140 degrees of knee flexion on this test. 

However, it's important to note that the range of motion can vary among individuals, and some people may have a larger or smaller range of motion without necessarily having any underlying medical condition. Moreover, some medical conditions, such as osteoarthritis, knee injuries, and muscle weakness, can limit the Knee Flexion range of motion.

References:

1. Bohannon, R. W. (2009). Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(2), 227-232.
2. Magee, D. J. (2014). Orthopedic physical assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2016). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis.
4. Prins, M. R., van der Wurff, P., & van der Meer, K. (2009). Using an inclinometer to measure active neck flexion: a study into the validity and reliability. Manual Therapy, 14(4), 490-496.
5. Stark, T., Walker, B., & Phillips, J. K. (2011). Feasibility and validity of a wearable sensor for measuring knee range of motion. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 41(9), 647-651.